BACTERIAL DISEASES
Ducks are susceptible to a number of bacterial infections. In most cases mixed infection with two or more pathogenic microorganisms were isolated, thus making specific diagnosis difficult.
1. Duck Cholera. This is the most common disease in most duck farms, It is an acute or chronic, localized or generalized infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. It occurs in four forms based on clinical manifestations named locally as "tanga', 'dapa', 'tuyo', and' buto-buto'. It is caused principally by a microorganism known as Pasteurella multocidal, but other pathogens like Salmonella, Escherichia, Clostridium, and Aspergillus have been implicated. Duck cholera can be transmitted by direct contact, ingestion of contaminated feed and drinking water, and by blood-sucking insects particularly mosquitoes.
Clinical Sign. 'Tanga' is the most acute form of the disease. The ducks may die suddenly, assuming a ventral recumbent position with extended head, open eyes in a staring manner, and open mouth. Some dead ducks may appear like statues and only close scrutiny will reveal that they are dead. Mortality ranges from 70-90%.
'Dapa' is characterized by egg-Iaying posture with head and neck in stooping position. Other signs are ventro-lateral recumbency with twisted head and neck, depression, weakness, loss of appetite, absence of egg production, and excessive intake of water (polydypsia). Sick ducks do not leave watering trough even if driven away. Vents are usually smeared with feces and dirts. Mortality is lower than that of 'tanga' but morbidity may reach 90%.
'Tuyo' is the chronic form of 'dapa' characterized by progressive emaciation and . dehydration, weakness, poor appetite, and ruffled lusterless feathers. Sick ducks are very thin with virtually skin and bone condition; hence, the term 'tuyo.' 'Tuyo' usually occurs after an outbreak of 'dapa' and persists for weeks or months before death.
'Buto-buto' is another chronic form of duck cholera characterized by hard swelling of the leg joints (bony prominences). It can persist for long periods. Affected ducks may lay eggs if its can walk to the feeding troughs. Affected duck may have limping gait and left behind when flock is driven away.
Treatment. It can be treated by high level antibiotic and sulfa drug therapy.
Prevention. This disease can be prevented by a) strict sanitation; b) thorough cleaning of feeding and drinking troughs; c) provision of fresh and clean water at all times; d) immediate isolation of sick ducks; and e) vaccination with polyvalent vaccine.
2. Salmonellosis. This is a destructive disease of ducklings caused by Salmonella anatum and S. typhimurium characterized by sudden collapse, diarrhea and dehydration, ruffled feathers, dry sunken eyes, and leg swelling. It is principally transmitted through direct contact and ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
Treatment. It can be treated by high level antibiotic or sulfa drug therapy.
Prevention. This disease can be prevented by a) strict sanitation; b) thorough and frequent cleaning and disaffection of feeding and watering troughs; and c) cleaning, drying, and draining of litter and ground.
VIRAL DISEASES
Two dreaded viral diseases of ducks which have not been confIrmed locally but present in most neighboring countries are duck plague and duck" hepatitis. Disease outbreaks of these nature may have occurred locally but not properly documented. Guides for the recognition of these diseases are given below. Suspected outbreak should be reported immediately to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture.
1. Duck plaque. This is an acute contagious disease of ducks of all ages, characterized by sudden onset, high mortality and extreme weakness. It is caused by a herpes virus acquired usually by direct contact or ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
The significant clinical manifestations are sudden onset, extreme weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite, watery diarrhea, soiled vent, eye and nasal discharges, labored breathing, decreased egg production, and high mortality rate of 40-80%. The important lesions are hemorrhages throughout the body which are more pronounced in the visceral organs.
Control. This viral disease can be controlled by a) vaccination of healthy ducks; b) strict sanitation; c) immediate isolation of sick ducks; and d) high level antibiotic vitamin mineral-medication.
2. Viral hepatitis. This is an acute highly contagious viral disease of ducklings below four weeks old. It is characterized by short incubation period, sudden onset, and high mortality rate of up to 900/0. It is caused by a virus and transmitted usually through direct contact or ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
The main clinical signs are lethargy, spasmodic paddling of feet, sudden death, and high mortality rate. It only affects ducklings below four weeks old. On necrospsy, the constant lesion is enlargement of the liver with hemorrhages of various sizes.
Control. This viral disease can be controlled by strict sanitation and vaccination of healthy flock.
Source:http://www.gov.ph/cat_agriculture/duck.doc
Ducks are susceptible to a number of bacterial infections. In most cases mixed infection with two or more pathogenic microorganisms were isolated, thus making specific diagnosis difficult.
1. Duck Cholera. This is the most common disease in most duck farms, It is an acute or chronic, localized or generalized infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. It occurs in four forms based on clinical manifestations named locally as "tanga', 'dapa', 'tuyo', and' buto-buto'. It is caused principally by a microorganism known as Pasteurella multocidal, but other pathogens like Salmonella, Escherichia, Clostridium, and Aspergillus have been implicated. Duck cholera can be transmitted by direct contact, ingestion of contaminated feed and drinking water, and by blood-sucking insects particularly mosquitoes.
Clinical Sign. 'Tanga' is the most acute form of the disease. The ducks may die suddenly, assuming a ventral recumbent position with extended head, open eyes in a staring manner, and open mouth. Some dead ducks may appear like statues and only close scrutiny will reveal that they are dead. Mortality ranges from 70-90%.
'Dapa' is characterized by egg-Iaying posture with head and neck in stooping position. Other signs are ventro-lateral recumbency with twisted head and neck, depression, weakness, loss of appetite, absence of egg production, and excessive intake of water (polydypsia). Sick ducks do not leave watering trough even if driven away. Vents are usually smeared with feces and dirts. Mortality is lower than that of 'tanga' but morbidity may reach 90%.
'Tuyo' is the chronic form of 'dapa' characterized by progressive emaciation and . dehydration, weakness, poor appetite, and ruffled lusterless feathers. Sick ducks are very thin with virtually skin and bone condition; hence, the term 'tuyo.' 'Tuyo' usually occurs after an outbreak of 'dapa' and persists for weeks or months before death.
'Buto-buto' is another chronic form of duck cholera characterized by hard swelling of the leg joints (bony prominences). It can persist for long periods. Affected ducks may lay eggs if its can walk to the feeding troughs. Affected duck may have limping gait and left behind when flock is driven away.
Treatment. It can be treated by high level antibiotic and sulfa drug therapy.
Prevention. This disease can be prevented by a) strict sanitation; b) thorough cleaning of feeding and drinking troughs; c) provision of fresh and clean water at all times; d) immediate isolation of sick ducks; and e) vaccination with polyvalent vaccine.
2. Salmonellosis. This is a destructive disease of ducklings caused by Salmonella anatum and S. typhimurium characterized by sudden collapse, diarrhea and dehydration, ruffled feathers, dry sunken eyes, and leg swelling. It is principally transmitted through direct contact and ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
Treatment. It can be treated by high level antibiotic or sulfa drug therapy.
Prevention. This disease can be prevented by a) strict sanitation; b) thorough and frequent cleaning and disaffection of feeding and watering troughs; and c) cleaning, drying, and draining of litter and ground.
VIRAL DISEASES
Two dreaded viral diseases of ducks which have not been confIrmed locally but present in most neighboring countries are duck plague and duck" hepatitis. Disease outbreaks of these nature may have occurred locally but not properly documented. Guides for the recognition of these diseases are given below. Suspected outbreak should be reported immediately to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture.
1. Duck plaque. This is an acute contagious disease of ducks of all ages, characterized by sudden onset, high mortality and extreme weakness. It is caused by a herpes virus acquired usually by direct contact or ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
The significant clinical manifestations are sudden onset, extreme weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite, watery diarrhea, soiled vent, eye and nasal discharges, labored breathing, decreased egg production, and high mortality rate of 40-80%. The important lesions are hemorrhages throughout the body which are more pronounced in the visceral organs.
Control. This viral disease can be controlled by a) vaccination of healthy ducks; b) strict sanitation; c) immediate isolation of sick ducks; and d) high level antibiotic vitamin mineral-medication.
2. Viral hepatitis. This is an acute highly contagious viral disease of ducklings below four weeks old. It is characterized by short incubation period, sudden onset, and high mortality rate of up to 900/0. It is caused by a virus and transmitted usually through direct contact or ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
The main clinical signs are lethargy, spasmodic paddling of feet, sudden death, and high mortality rate. It only affects ducklings below four weeks old. On necrospsy, the constant lesion is enlargement of the liver with hemorrhages of various sizes.
Control. This viral disease can be controlled by strict sanitation and vaccination of healthy flock.
Source:http://www.gov.ph/cat_agriculture/duck.doc
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